Gathering the record
Relay is organizing the evidence and source boundaries.
Synthetic neuroactive tripeptide / EDR peptide
An experimental peptide discussed for memory, brain health, and aging.
Evidence is explained by question. Dosing references show their own check dates.
60-second overview
Why people look into it, what studies found, and what is still unknown.
Educational information only. Evidence reviewed through July 25, 2026. Published studies, sponsor announcements, and trials without results are labeled separately. Evidence gaps apply to the specific finding beside them.
Research questions
Each label shows how much evidence supports that question.
What studies show
A 32-person mixed Pinealon/Vesugen report plus a narrative review's account of a 72-person oral add-on observation; neither is a robust Pinealon-only randomized trial
It is a three-amino-acid peptide. Cortexin is a different polypeptide mixture, and Epithalon is the different AEDG tetrapeptide.
The located record includes a 32-person mixed-peptide paper and a later review's summary of a 72-person oral add-on observation.
Pinealon and Vesugen were both evaluated, and Vesugen appeared to have the stronger geroprotective signal.
Researchers have observed ROS, necrosis, signaling, oxidative-DNA-damage, and neuronal-morphology signals in cultured cells.
Pinealon-treated pregnant rats had offspring with better spatial-learning measures and lower neuronal oxidative-stress signals.
Labeled Pinealon entered HeLa cells and interacted with DNA or oligonucleotides in laboratory assays.
Those popular claims are extrapolations from cell, mouse, rat, and limited observational evidence.
There is no approved U.S. Pinealon product whose benefits, dose, route, manufacturing controls, or storage instructions can be generalized.
The older oral observations and laboratory or animal exposure schedules describe those studies only; they are not self-use instructions.
Risks & unknowns
Relay has not verified a clear pattern of side effects for this compound.
Evidence boundaryHuman exposure is present, but the record is not detailed enough to characterize a reliable adverse-event pattern.
The available information does not reliably show how often particular side effects occur.
Evidence boundaryUnder-detected or under-reported events must not be described as rare.
Relay has not verified which side effects led people to stop treatment in studies.
Evidence boundaryThis is an evidence gap, not proof that discontinuations did not occur.
Relay has not verified a compound-specific warning summary for this profile.
Evidence boundaryInvestigational; not FDA approved Whether any reported cognitive or cellular signal translates into clinically meaningful benefit and what short- and long-term human safety looks like
This profile does not contain verified, product-specific emergency instructions.
Evidence boundaryRelay does not infer emergency guidance from study discontinuations, mechanism, or incomplete adverse-event reporting.
Dosing references
Each table labels its source and applies only to the named route, product, or study. An online example or community report is not an approved dose.
Amounts reported in a human study. A studied amount is not automatically an approved dose or a recommendation for an individual.
A regional occupational-health report described oral Pinealon use in locomotive-crew workers and changes in biological-age and adaptation markers.
| Stage / period | Amount in source | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 2 weeks | One capsule containing 100 micrograms | Twice daily |
The accessible abstract gives the regimen but limited design and safety details. Biomarker changes do not establish slower aging or meaningful clinical benefit. This capsule regimen does not establish injected Pinealon dosing.
Pinealon · biological-age and adaptation report in locomotive crews Primary article · Methods / interventionThis reference checked Oct 20, 2026. The full-profile review date is shown at the top.The report describes capsules. It supplies no injectable concentration, diluent volume, or powder-vial storage instructions.
Starting dose: the amount used at the beginning of the named label schedule or trial.
Maintenance: the ongoing amount described by that product label.
Trial target: the amount assigned to a study group. Different groups may stop increasing at different targets.
A small published report evaluated Pinealon and Vesugen in adults with chronic illness and organic brain syndrome, but did not provide a clean Pinealon-only effect estimate.
Population: 32 adults aged 41 to 83 with chronic polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome in remission
Design: Small human report evaluating two synthetic tripeptides; allocation, blinding, comparator details, and product-specific results are incompletely reported in the indexed abstract
Mechanisms
Pinealon, also called EDR or Glu-Asp-Arg, is a synthetic tripeptide discussed as a peptide bioregulator. A 32-person Russian-language paper evaluated Pinealon and Vesugen together, while a 2020 review summarized an older 72-person oral add-on observation after traumatic brain injury. Neither provides a robust, independently replicated Pinealon-only efficacy or safety estimate. Direct studies report ROS, necrosis, ERK1/2, dendritic morphology, oxidative-DNA-damage, cell-uptake, and nucleic-acid-binding signals in laboratory models plus spatial-learning and neuronal outcomes in a prenatal rat model. No registered Pinealon interventional trial, FDA-approved product, or validated injectable protocol was located.
A plausible mechanism can explain why a study was attempted. It does not prove that the compound improves a human outcome.
Research reference
A reference for the studies, populations, and routes behind this profile.
Two small human reports are supplemented by cell and animal work, but no modern Pinealon-only randomized development program was located.
Research depth describes how large and mature the overall record is. It does not tell you whether the results were positive.
The human reports cannot isolate a durable Pinealon effect, while the more detailed evidence remains preclinical.
Confidence describes how reliable and consistent the conclusions are. It can be high for one outcome and low for another.
The strongest evidence type shows what the best-supported conclusions are actually based on.
Human findings are more directly relevant than animal or laboratory results, but they still apply only to the populations and outcomes studied.
Route-specific record
These are exposures used in cited research for a specific route and population—not an instruction for an individual.
Half-life describes how long it takes the measured amount in the body to fall by half. It is not a dosing recommendation.
Evidence can change by administration method. Findings from one route should not automatically be applied to another.
Evidence boundary: Allocation, blinding, comparator details, route, exposure pattern, and product-specific results were incompletely reported. The record cannot establish Pinealon's independent effect, clinical importance, adverse-event rate, durability, or a transferable study pattern. Amounts shown describe cited research exposure—not a dosage recommendation.
Studies
Study arms are reported for transparency. They describe what researchers did in a defined record and do not transfer across identities, routes, formulations, or populations.
A later trial phase can ask a more mature question, but it does not guarantee a positive result, regulatory approval, or relevance outside the studied population.
In-vitro study using induced cortical neurons directly reprogrammed from aged human dermal fibroblasts
Fibroblast-derived induced neurons from elderly human donors
EDR increased dendritic branching measures. It did not change mitochondrial activity, lysosomal activity, or p16, and the oxidative-DNA-damage result narrowly missed the conventional statistical threshold.
Study administration: EDR, KED, or AEDG at a laboratory concentration of 10 micrograms/mL
Limitations: Human-derived cells are not human participants. The model cannot demonstrate memory improvement, brain-injury recovery, Alzheimer treatment, a human route, or safety.
Older oral add-on observation summarized in a later narrative review; original modern trial report was not located
72 people with long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury and cerebrasthenia
The review reports improvements in memory, headaches, performance measures, correction-test errors, and EEG alpha index after oral Pinealon was added to usual therapy.
Study administration: Oral Pinealon added to standard therapy; dose, duration, allocation, blinding, comparator handling, and adverse-event collection were not established from the accessible peer-reviewed source
Limitations: This is a review-cited observation rather than a traceable randomized trial. It does not establish causality, a reliable effect size, safety, or a recommended protocol.
Corrected in-vitro amyloid-synaptotoxicity experiment in primary mouse hippocampal neurons
Primary hippocampal-neuron cultures from mice
The corrected paper reported more mushroom-shaped dendritic spines with EDR in the amyloid cell model.
Study administration: EDR at 200 ng/mL under the study's amyloid-synaptotoxicity conditions
Limitations: This was a corrected mouse-neuron culture study. It does not demonstrate Alzheimer prevention or treatment, memory improvement, a human protocol, or safety.
Small human report evaluating two synthetic tripeptides; allocation, blinding, comparator details, and product-specific results are incompletely reported in the indexed abstract
32 adults aged 41 to 83 with chronic polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome in remission
The authors reported CNS and biological-age-marker changes with the peptide interventions, while Vesugen appeared more active. They also reported prooxidant activity and lower CD34-positive-cell markers.
Study administration: Pinealon and Vesugen; the indexed abstract does not provide route, schedule, dose, or a clean Pinealon-only effect estimate
Limitations: Both peptides were studied in a very small, incompletely described report. Pinealon's independent effect, clinical importance, adverse-event rate, and durability cannot be determined.
Prenatal methionine-loading rat model with behavioral testing and ex-vivo neuronal assays in offspring
Offspring of pregnant rats with experimentally induced hyperhomocysteinemia
Offspring in the Pinealon condition performed better on spatial-learning measures and showed lower neuronal ROS and necrotic-cell signals.
Study administration: Pinealon administered to pregnant rats under the study's experimental protocol
Limitations: A prenatal rat model cannot establish cognitive benefit, brain-injury treatment, dosing, developmental safety, or any clinical use in humans.
In-vitro oxidative-stress experiments across neuronal and immune-cell models
Rat cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells
Pinealon reduced ROS accumulation and necrotic-cell signals, delayed ERK1/2 activation, and altered cell-cycle measures in the tested models.
Study administration: Pinealon added at experimental cell-culture concentrations
Limitations: The experiments do not establish clinical neuroprotection, cognition, anti-aging benefit, human exposure, or safety.
Fluorescence-uptake experiment in HeLa cells plus cell-free nucleic-acid binding assays
HeLa cells, DNA, and synthetic oligonucleotides
Labeled Pinealon entered cultured cells and produced sequence-dependent nucleic-acid binding signals in vitro.
Study administration: Fluorescence-labeled Pinealon and other short peptides in cell and binding assays
Limitations: Fluorescent uptake and cell-free binding do not prove a therapeutic epigenetic mechanism, target engagement in the human brain, benefit, or safety.
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PMID 22117547
PMID 24738258
2024-10-22 · PMID 39518916 · DOI 10.3390/ijms252111363
2020-12-31 · PMID 33396470 · DOI 10.3390/molecules26010159
2017-08-29 · PMID 28853087 · DOI 10.1007/s10517-017-3847-2
2015-01-01 · PMID 26390612
2012-04-06 · PMID 22567179
2011-10-06 · PMID 21978084 · DOI 10.1089/rej.2011.1172