Peptide Relay

Gathering the record

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Relay is organizing the evidence and source boundaries.

Compound library

Protein biologic

Placental glycoprotein hormone and LH-receptor agonist

HCG

Approved uses

A reproductive hormone used in some fertility treatments and selected hormone conditions.

6-minute readFull profile reviewed July 25, 2026

Evidence is explained by question. Dosing references show their own check dates.

60-second overview

HCG at a glance

Why people look into it, what studies found, and what is still unknown.

Why people look into it: Fertility, egg maturation, and selected male hormone problems. It is also discussed for weight loss.
What studies found: Specific approved products have defined fertility and hormone uses. Controlled studies do not support hCG as a weight-loss treatment.
What is still unclear: Long-term uses outside the label remain uncertain. Products differ, so there is no single mixing or handling rule for every hCG product.

About the evidence and review date

Educational information only. Evidence reviewed through July 25, 2026. Published studies, sponsor announcements, and trials without results are labeled separately. Evidence gaps apply to the specific finding beside them.

Research questions

Why people research it

Each label shows how much evidence supports that question.

Triggering ovulation or final egg maturationApproved use
Selected male hypogonadotropic hypogonadismApproved use
Spermatogenesis in diagnosed gonadotropin deficiencySupported by human studies
Testosterone restoration in some menSupported by human studies
Intratesticular testosterone during testosterone suppressionEarly human evidence
Fertility preservation alongside testosteroneEarly human evidence
Weight loss or appetite suppressionNot demonstrated

What studies show

What the evidence supports

The research behind the answer

Multiple approved reproductive-endocrine indications supported by product-specific controlled programs and decades of condition-specific human research.

See each finding and its sources (11)

Other human evidence

hCG acts mainly like luteinizing hormone at the LH/choriogonadotropin receptor.

It stimulates Leydig-cell androgen production in the testes and supports progesterone production by the corpus luteum; in a monitored ovarian cycle it can substitute for the mid-cycle LH surge.

The biological mechanism does not make every marketed formulation interchangeable or validate use outside studied and approved settings.

FDA prescribing informationDescription and Clinical Pharmacology

FDA prescribing informationClinical Pharmacology

Controlled human study

FDA-approved hCG uses are product- and population-specific.

Current labels cover monitored female fertility uses and, for certain urinary products, selected male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and prepubertal cryptorchidism not caused by an anatomic obstruction.

Approval does not establish benefit for bodybuilding, anti-aging, routine testosterone optimization, weight loss, or every compounded or research product.

FDA prescribing informationIndications and Usage

Other human evidence

hCG can support testosterone production and spermatogenesis in defined forms of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Condition-specific studies show increased testosterone and sperm production, but response depends on pubertal onset, testicular size, cryptorchidism history, treatment duration, and whether FSH activity is added.

These findings come from diagnosed gonadotropin deficiency and often combined hCG plus FSH or hMG therapy; they do not generalize to every cause of low testosterone or infertility.

Peer reviewedResults and conclusions

Peer reviewedSpermatogenesis and pregnancy outcomes

Peer reviewedRandomized treatment-strategy results

Controlled human study

Preserving intratesticular testosterone during testosterone suppression is a human biomarker finding—not proof that fertility is preserved.

A three-week randomized study showed dose-related preservation of intratesticular testosterone when hCG was added to testosterone.

The study did not measure sperm count, pregnancy, live birth, symptoms, or long-term safety. Its research arms should not be presented as personal dosing recommendations.

Peer reviewedIntratesticular-testosterone results

Controlled human study

Short human research supports testosterone restoration in some men, but does not establish a universal fertility-preserving add-on.

In a three-month randomized comparison, hCG, clomiphene, and their combination all raised testosterone and symptom scores.

The trial did not report semen, pregnancy, or live-birth outcomes and was too short to define long-term effectiveness or safety.

Peer reviewedThree-month hormone and symptom outcomes

Controlled human study

hCG is not an evidence-based weight-loss, appetite-suppression, or fat-redistribution treatment.

A placebo-controlled trial found no advantage, FDA says no hCG product is approved for weight loss, and current labeling states that hCG has no known effect on fat mobilization, hunger, or fat distribution.

Severe calorie restriction can cause weight loss while creating substantial medical risk; that does not demonstrate an hCG effect.

FDA prescribing informationClinical Pharmacology and Indications

Regulatory sourceRegulatory weight-loss warning

Peer reviewedAll measured obesity outcomes

Other human evidence

Female fertility treatment requires specialist monitoring because serious ovarian and thromboembolic complications can occur.

Labels warn about ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, ovarian enlargement or torsion, multiple gestation, and pulmonary or vascular complications.

Risk depends on the complete stimulation protocol, patient characteristics, follicular response, pregnancy, and product—not hCG in isolation.

FDA prescribing informationWarnings and monitoring requirements

FDA prescribing informationWarnings and trial adverse events

Other human evidence

Male adverse effects can include fluid retention, gynecomastia, mood symptoms, headache, and injection-site reactions.

Androgen stimulation can increase water and sodium retention; current urinary-hCG labeling also lists sporadic gynecomastia and systemic or local reactions.

A label lists recognized events but does not provide a personalized probability or establish safety for unapproved products and uses.

FDA prescribing informationPrecautions and Adverse Reactions

Other human evidence

Urinary hCG and recombinant choriogonadotropin alfa differ in formulation, route, and handling.

Pregnyl and Novarel are urinary-derived powders labeled for intramuscular use after reconstitution, while Ovidrel is a recombinant single-use subcutaneous prefilled solution.

Units, micrograms, routes, devices, diluents, sterility, and storage instructions must not be converted or transferred across products without an official source.

FDA prescribing informationDescription, route, and handling

FDA prescribing informationDosage form and route

FDA prescribing informationProduct presentation and storage

Other human evidence

There is no universal hCG reconstitution or beyond-use rule.

Current labeled products differ: Pregnyl permits up to 60 days refrigerated after its specified reconstitution, Novarel says 30 days, and Ovidrel is supplied as a single-use prefilled solution that is not reconstituted.

These are formulation-specific label instructions. They do not validate the identity, concentration, sterility, diluent, storage, or beyond-use date of compounded or research products.

FDA prescribing informationDirections for Reconstitution and Storage

FDA prescribing informationHow Supplied and Storage

FDA prescribing informationReconstitution and Storage

Other human evidence

Exogenous hCG can complicate interpretation of hormone and pregnancy testing.

Current labels warn about assay cross-reactivity and false-positive pregnancy tests after administration.

The timing and interpretation of any test depend on the assay, product, exposure, and clinical context.

FDA prescribing informationLaboratory Tests

FDA prescribing informationDrug/Laboratory Test Interactions

Risks & unknowns

What needs caution

Reported side effects

Male adverse effects can include fluid retention, gynecomastia, mood symptoms, headache, and injection-site reactions.

Other human evidence

A label lists recognized events but does not provide a personalized probability or establish safety for unapproved products and uses.

Open source

Missing reports do not establish safety. Findings apply to the product, route, amounts, population, comparison, and follow-up studied.

Side-effect frequency, study withdrawals, and gaps

How often side effects occurred

The available information does not reliably show how often particular side effects occur.

Evidence boundary

Under-detected or under-reported events must not be described as rare.

Why people stopped in studies

Relay has not verified which side effects led people to stop treatment in studies.

Evidence boundary

This is an evidence gap, not proof that discontinuations did not occur.

Warning information

Relay has not verified a compound-specific warning summary for this profile.

Evidence boundary

FDA approved in product-specific formulations for defined fertility and endocrine indications Long-term benefit and safety of off-label hCG alongside testosterone, comparative fertility strategies, and the identity and handling of nonapproved products.

Emergency instructions

This profile does not contain verified, product-specific emergency instructions.

Evidence boundary

Relay does not infer emergency guidance from study discontinuations, mechanism, or incomplete adverse-event reporting.

Dosing references

Dosing & preparation

Each table labels its source and applies only to the named route, product, or study. An online example or community report is not an approved dose.

Route: SubQ · Under the skin

Approved product · U.S. prescribing informationWhat this means

Instructions from the named approved product’s prescribing information. They apply to its stated formulation, route, use, and population.

hCG · Ovidrel fertility-trigger label

Ovidrel contains recombinant choriogonadotropin alfa and is used after monitored follicular stimulation in female infertility care.

Amount in this source: 250 micrograms in 0.5 mL
Frequency: Single trigger injection at the label-defined treatment point
Treatment period: One monitored treatment cycle

hCG · Ovidrel fertility-trigger label
Stage / period	Amount in source	Frequency
One monitored treatment cycle	250 micrograms in 0.5 mL	Single trigger injection at the label-defined treatment point

Timing depends on adequate follicular development. This microgram dose is not a generic IU conversion or a male hormone-treatment schedule.

Ovidrel · U.S. prescribing information Prescribing information · Dosage and administrationThis reference checked Oct 20, 2026. The full-profile review date is shown at the top.

Preparation & concentration · SubQ

The named Ovidrel prefilled syringe contains ready-to-use solution. Its instructions do not apply to urinary hCG powder presentations.

Concentration = total mass ÷ final volume. The calculator performs user-entered math; it does not choose a dose or diluent.

Open concentration calculator

Starting dose, maintenance, and trial targets explained

Starting dose: the amount used at the beginning of the named label schedule or trial.

Maintenance: the ongoing amount described by that product label.

Trial target: the amount assigned to a study group. Different groups may stop increasing at different targets.

Other source records, populations, and limits · all routes

Product-specific regulatory record

OVIDREL recombinant hCG registration program

Amount in this source: See the named dosing references above; this additional source record does not add a verified amount.
Frequency: A protocol-timed trigger within a monitored treatment cycle
Route: Subcutaneous injection of the ready-to-use recombinant product
Duration: Treatment-cycle outcomes

Population, study design, and limitations

Regulatory evidence describes a specific recombinant hCG product in monitored assisted-reproduction and ovulation-induction programs.

Population: Women undergoing assisted reproductive technology or ovulation induction after monitored follicular development

Design: Two assisted-reproduction studies and one ovulation-induction study summarized in the approved label

The evidence applies to a defined fertility program and a specific prefilled product.
It does not support unmonitored use, weight loss, or transfer of handling instructions to urinary, compounded, or research products.

DailyMed: OVIDREL (choriogonadotropin alfa) injectionSelected study record

Mechanisms

How it works

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein whose alpha subunit is shared with LH, FSH, and TSH while its beta subunit provides specificity. Binding to the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor stimulates Leydig-cell androgen production and ovarian luteinization. Urinary-derived chorionic gonadotropin and recombinant choriogonadotropin alfa have product-specific approvals, routes, presentations, units, and handling instructions. Controlled and observational human research supports monitored fertility and defined hypogonadotropic-hypogonadism uses. Short off-label studies show effects on intratesticular or serum testosterone, but do not by themselves demonstrate long-term fertility preservation. Controlled obesity research and FDA labeling contradict hCG diet claims.

Why this matters

A plausible mechanism can explain why a study was attempted. It does not prove that the compound improves a human outcome.

Signals and targets

Proposed biological steps

Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor agonism
Leydig-cell testosterone production
Final follicular maturation and ovulation triggering
Corpus-luteum progesterone support
Gonadal steroid-hormone signaling

Research reference

How mature is the evidence?

A reference for the studies, populations, and routes behind this profile.

Research depthExtensive product-specific human record

Approved fertility products, monitored reproductive programs, male hypogonadotropic-hypogonadism studies, pharmacology experiments, and negative obesity trials are available.

Why this matters

Research depth describes how large and mature the overall record is. It does not tell you whether the results were positive.

Evidence confidenceVery high for defined approved uses

Effectiveness is well established for specific fertility and gonadotropin-deficiency settings, but product, route, population, and co-treatment determine what the evidence means.

Why this matters

Confidence describes how reliable and consistent the conclusions are. It can be high for one outcome and low for another.

Strongest evidenceApproved-product programs plus controlled and longitudinal human studies

Why this matters

The strongest evidence type shows what the best-supported conclusions are actually based on.

Human evidenceDirect and mature for defined reproductive uses; not supportive of weight loss

Why this matters

Human findings are more directly relevant than animal or laboratory results, but they still apply only to the populations and outcomes studied.

Route-specific record

Which product or study does this describe?

OVIDREL recombinant hCG registration programAmounts and schedules below belong to this source record.DailyMed: OVIDREL (choriogonadotropin alfa) injection Administration reference reviewed Aug 5, 2026

Route studiedSubcutaneous injection of the ready-to-use recombinant product

Schedules studiedA protocol-timed trigger within a monitored treatment cycle; Treatment-cycle outcomes

Amounts studiedWithheld: this record provides research context without a transferable amount

Why this matters

These are exposures used in cited research for a specific route and population—not an instruction for an individual.

Half-lifeNot established for this exact editorial record

Why this matters

Half-life describes how long it takes the measured amount in the body to fall by half. It is not a dosing recommendation.

Route evidenceRegulatory evidence describes a specific recombinant hCG product in monitored assisted-reproduction and ovulation-induction programs.

Why this matters

Evidence can change by administration method. Findings from one route should not automatically be applied to another.

Evidence boundary: The evidence applies to a defined fertility program and a specific prefilled product. It does not support unmonitored use, weight loss, or transfer of handling instructions to urinary, compounded, or research products. Amounts shown describe cited research exposure—not a dosage recommendation.

Studies

Study-by-study record

Study arms are reported for transparency. They describe what researchers did in a defined record and do not transfer across identities, routes, formulations, or populations.

Why this matters

A later trial phase can ask a more mature question, but it does not guarantee a positive result, regulatory approval, or relevance outside the studied population.

Controlled human studyPeer reviewed

Comparing the response of triple therapy and conventional treatment in male congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial

Peer reviewed

PhaseRandomized treatment-strategy trial

Population45 participants

DurationMedian 12 to 15 months to spermatogenesis

Design and population

Open-label, three-arm randomized controlled trial

45 adult men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Outcomes measured

Spermatogenesis
Time to spermatogenesis
Gonadotropin requirement
Quality of life

What was reported

Spermatogenesis occurred in 84.6%, 69.2%, and 75% across the three strategies, with no significant difference. The triple-therapy strategy used less hCG at spermatogenesis and reported better quality-of-life measures.

Study administration and important limits

Study administration: hCG plus FSH plus testosterone, hCG plus FSH, or hCG followed by hCG plus FSH

Limitations: The study was small, open-label, and limited to congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. All arms were active strategies, and it does not establish a general hCG protocol.

Controlled human studyPeer reviewed

Clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin are both effective in restoring testosterone in hypogonadism: a short-course randomized study

Peer reviewed

PhaseShort randomized comparative study

Population282 participants

DurationThree months

Design and population

Three-arm randomized trial

282 men with hypogonadism who wished to preserve fertility

Outcomes measured

Serum testosterone
qADAM symptom score
HbA1c

What was reported

Testosterone and symptom scores increased in all three groups over three months. Testosterone restoration did not differ significantly between the groups.

Study administration and important limits

Study administration: Clomiphene, hCG, or their combination

Limitations: The trial was short and did not report semen, pregnancy, live-birth, or long-term safety outcomes. A desire to preserve fertility is not the same as demonstrated fertility preservation.

Controlled human studyPeer reviewed

Low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin maintains intratesticular testosterone in normal men with testosterone-induced gonadotropin suppression

Peer reviewed

PhaseShort mechanistic trial

Population29 participants

DurationThree weeks

Design and population

Randomized dose-response biomarker study

29 healthy men with experimentally suppressed gonadotropins

Outcomes measured

Intratesticular testosterone
Serum testosterone
LH and FSH suppression

What was reported

Testosterone plus placebo suppressed intratesticular testosterone by 94%. Adding hCG produced a dose-related preservation of intratesticular testosterone.

Study administration and important limits

Study administration: Testosterone enanthate plus saline or one of three protocol-defined hCG arms

Limitations: This was a three-week biomarker experiment. It did not establish maintenance of sperm count, pregnancy, long-term fertility, symptom benefit, or long-term safety, and its protocol is not personal dosing guidance.

Controlled human studyPeer reviewed

Human chorionic gonadotrophin and weight loss. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Peer reviewed

PhaseObesity trial

Population40 participants

DurationSix weeks

Design and population

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

40 women with obesity receiving the same calorie-restricted diet

Outcomes measured

Body weight
Body circumferences
Hunger
Psychological profile
Fasting blood measures

What was reported

hCG provided no advantage over placebo for any measured outcome. The authors found no rationale for hCG injections as an obesity treatment.

Study administration and important limits

Study administration: Intramuscular hCG or saline placebo six days per week

Limitations: This was a small older trial, but its null finding aligns with current product labeling and FDA's explicit rejection of hCG weight-loss claims.

Other human evidencePeer reviewed

Efficacy and Outcome Predictors of Gonadotropin Treatment for Male Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: A Retrospective Study of 223 Patients

Peer reviewed

PhaseRetrospective cohort

Population223 participants

DurationMore than six months; median first spermatogenesis 15 months

Design and population

Single-center retrospective treatment cohort

223 azoospermic men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and absent pubertal development

Outcomes measured

Testicular volume
Serum testosterone
Appearance and concentration of sperm
Pregnancy
Predictors of response

What was reported

Testicular volume and testosterone increased, and 64% produced sperm. Larger starting testicular volume and no history of cryptorchidism predicted earlier sperm appearance; 19 of 34 men seeking fatherhood achieved partner pregnancy.

Study administration and important limits

Study administration: Combined hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin

Limitations: This was retrospective combination therapy in a defined congenital disorder. It cannot isolate hCG's contribution or generalize to nonspecific low testosterone or fertility preservation during testosterone use.

Other human evidencePeer reviewed

Stimulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Peer reviewed

PhaseCondition-specific clinical study

Population21 participants

DurationLongitudinal treatment; duration varied

Design and population

Sequential gonadotropin treatment study

21 men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Outcomes measured

Sperm count
Need for added FSH activity
Effect of pubertal onset and cryptorchidism history

What was reported

Normal sperm counts developed with hCG alone in all six men whose hypogonadism began after puberty, but in only one of 15 with prepubertal onset. Adding hMG helped some remaining men, especially those without cryptorchidism.

Study administration and important limits

Study administration: hCG alone, followed by added human menopausal gonadotropin when needed

Limitations: This was small and condition-specific. Response depended strongly on disease history, and hCG alone was often insufficient in prepubertal-onset disease.

Controlled human studyFDA prescribing information

DailyMed: OVIDREL (choriogonadotropin alfa) injection

FDA prescribing information

PhaseRegistration program

PopulationNot disclosed

DurationTreatment-cycle outcomes

Design and population

Two assisted-reproduction studies and one ovulation-induction study summarized in the approved label

Women undergoing assisted reproductive technology or ovulation induction after monitored follicular development

Outcomes measured

Final follicular maturation and oocyte retrieval
Ovulation
Clinical pregnancy
Live birth and multiple birth
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

What was reported

The approved Ovidrel program established product-specific effectiveness for final follicular maturation and ovulation induction. In the label's ovulation-induction study, 91.9% ovulated and 22% had a clinical pregnancy; multiple births occurred among reported live births.

Study administration and important limits

Study administration: Product-specific subcutaneous recombinant choriogonadotropin alfa compared with urinary hCG or used after follicular stimulation

Limitations: These results apply to a monitored infertility program and a specific recombinant prefilled product. They are not evidence for unmonitored use or for urinary, compounded, or research products.

Community

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Sources

Trace every major statement

Peer reviewed

Comparing the response of triple therapy and conventional treatment in male congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial

2026-04-01 · PMID 41993983 · CTRI/2022/05/042795 · DOI 10.3389/fendo.2026.1777584

Peer reviewed

FDA prescribing information

DailyMed: PREGNYL (chorionic gonadotropin) for injection

2025-03-01

FDA prescribing information

FDA prescribing information

DailyMed: OVIDREL (choriogonadotropin alfa) injection

2023-07-01

FDA prescribing information

FDA prescribing information

DailyMed: NOVAREL (chorionic gonadotropin) for injection

2023-05-01

FDA prescribing information

Regulatory source

FDA: Avoid Dangerous HCG Diet Products

2022-03-30

Regulatory source

Peer reviewed

Clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin are both effective in restoring testosterone in hypogonadism: a short-course randomized study

2018-11-01 · PMID 29772111 · DOI 10.1111/bju.14401

Peer reviewed

Peer reviewed

Efficacy and Outcome Predictors of Gonadotropin Treatment for Male Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: A Retrospective Study of 223 Patients

2016-03-01 · PMID 26945370 · DOI 10.1097/MD.0000000000002867

Peer reviewed

Peer reviewed

Low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin maintains intratesticular testosterone in normal men with testosterone-induced gonadotropin suppression

2005-05-01 · PMID 15713727 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2004-0802

Peer reviewed

Peer reviewed

Human chorionic gonadotrophin and weight loss. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

1990-02-17 · PMID 2405506

Peer reviewed

Peer reviewed

Stimulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

1985-09-12 · PMID 3927163 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM198509123131102

Peer reviewed

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HCG

HCG at a glance

Why people research it

What the evidence supports

hCG acts mainly like luteinizing hormone at the LH/choriogonadotropin receptor.

FDA-approved hCG uses are product- and population-specific.

hCG can support testosterone production and spermatogenesis in defined forms of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Preserving intratesticular testosterone during testosterone suppression is a human biomarker finding—not proof that fertility is preserved.

Short human research supports testosterone restoration in some men, but does not establish a universal fertility-preserving add-on.

hCG is not an evidence-based weight-loss, appetite-suppression, or fat-redistribution treatment.

Female fertility treatment requires specialist monitoring because serious ovarian and thromboembolic complications can occur.

Male adverse effects can include fluid retention, gynecomastia, mood symptoms, headache, and injection-site reactions.

Urinary hCG and recombinant choriogonadotropin alfa differ in formulation, route, and handling.

There is no universal hCG reconstitution or beyond-use rule.

Exogenous hCG can complicate interpretation of hormone and pregnancy testing.

What needs caution

Dosing & preparation

hCG · Ovidrel fertility-trigger label

Preparation & concentration · SubQ

OVIDREL recombinant hCG registration program

How it works

Signals and targets

Proposed biological steps

How mature is the evidence?

Which product or study does this describe?

Study-by-study record

Comparing the response of triple therapy and conventional treatment in male congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial

Design and population

Outcomes measured

Clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin are both effective in restoring testosterone in hypogonadism: a short-course randomized study

Design and population

Outcomes measured

Low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin maintains intratesticular testosterone in normal men with testosterone-induced gonadotropin suppression

Design and population

Outcomes measured

Human chorionic gonadotrophin and weight loss. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Design and population

Outcomes measured

Efficacy and Outcome Predictors of Gonadotropin Treatment for Male Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: A Retrospective Study of 223 Patients

Design and population

Outcomes measured

Stimulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Design and population

Outcomes measured

DailyMed: OVIDREL (choriogonadotropin alfa) injection

Design and population

Outcomes measured

Experience reports stay separate from published evidence

Help strengthen the HCG experience record

Keep the question moving

Trace every major statement

Comparing the response of triple therapy and conventional treatment in male congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial

DailyMed: PREGNYL (chorionic gonadotropin) for injection

DailyMed: OVIDREL (choriogonadotropin alfa) injection

DailyMed: NOVAREL (chorionic gonadotropin) for injection

FDA: Avoid Dangerous HCG Diet Products

Clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin are both effective in restoring testosterone in hypogonadism: a short-course randomized study

Efficacy and Outcome Predictors of Gonadotropin Treatment for Male Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: A Retrospective Study of 223 Patients

Low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin maintains intratesticular testosterone in normal men with testosterone-induced gonadotropin suppression

Human chorionic gonadotrophin and weight loss. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Stimulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism